Reserved word

Reserved words (occasionally called keywords) are one type of grammatical construct in programming languages. These words have special meaning within the language and are predefined in the language’s formal specifications. Typically, reserved words include labels for primitive data types in languages that support a type system, and identify programming constructs such as loops, blocks, conditionals, and branches.

The list of reserved words in a language are defined when a language is developed. Occasionally, depending on the flexibility of the language specification, vendors implementing a compiler may extend the specification by including non-standard features. Also, as a language matures, standards bodies governing a language may choose to extend the language to include additional features such as object-oriented capabilities in a traditionally procedural language. Sometimes the specification for a programming language will have reserved words that are intended for possible use in future versions. In Java, const and goto are reserved words — they have no meaning in Java but they also cannot be used as identifiers. By "reserving" the terms, they can be implemented in future versions of Java, if desired, without "breaking" older Java source code. Reserved words may not be redefined by the programmer, unlike predefined functions, methods, or subroutines, which can often be overridden in some capacity. The name of a predefined function, method, or subroutine is typically categorized as an identifier instead of a reserved word.

Reserved word vs. keyword

A keyword is a word that is special only in certain contexts but a reserved word is a special word that cannot be used as a user-defined name.

The "Java Language Specification" uses the term "keyword".

The ISO 9899 standard for the C programming language uses the term "keyword".

Comparison by language

Not all languages have the same numbers of reserved words. For example, Java (and other C derivatives) has a rather sparse complement of reserved words -- approximately 50 – whereas COBOL has approximately 400. At the other end of the spectrum, pure Prolog has none at all.

The number of reserved words in a language has little to do with how “powerful” a language is. COBOL was designed in the 1950s as a business language and was made to be self-documenting using English-like structural elements such as verbs, clauses, sentences, sections and divisions. C, on the other hand, was written to be very terse (syntactically) and to get more text on the screen. For example, compare the equivalent blocks of code from Java and COBOL to calculate weekly earnings (reserved words are indicated in blue text):

// Calculation in Java:

if (salaried)
        amount = 40 * payrate;
else
        amount = hours * payrate;

* Calculation in COBOL:

IF Salaried THEN
        MULTIPLY Payrate BY 40 GIVING Amount
ELSE
        MULTIPLY Payrate BY Hours GIVING Amount
END-IF.

* Other example of calculation in COBOL:

IF Salaried 
        COMPUTE Amount = Payrate * 40
ELSE
        COMPUTE Amount = hours * payrate
END-IF.

Pure Prolog logic is expressed in terms of relations, and execution is triggered by running queries over these relations. Constructs such as loops are implemented using recursive relationships.

All three of these languages can solve the same types of “problems” even though they have differing numbers of reserved words. This “power” relates to their belonging to the set of Turing-complete languages.

Reserved words and language independence

Microsoft’s .NET Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) specification allows code written in 40⁺ different programming languages to be combined together into a final product. Because of this, identifier/reserved word collisions can occur when code implemented in one language tries to execute code written in another language. For example, a Visual Basic.NET library may contain a class definition such as:

' Class Definition of This in Visual Basic.NET:

Public Class this
        ' This class does something...
End Class

If this is compiled and distributed as part of a toolbox, a C# programmer, wishing to define a variable of type “this” would encounter a problem: 'this' is a reserved word in C#. Thus, the following will not compile in C#:

// Using This Class in C#:

this x = new this();  // Won't compile!

A similar issue arises when accessing members, overriding virtual methods, and identifying namespaces.

In order to work around this issue, the specification allows the programmer to (in C#) place the at-sign before the identifier which forces it to be considered an identifier rather than a reserved word by the compiler.

// Using This Class in C#:

@this x = new @this();  // Will compile!

For consistency, this usage is also permitted in non-public settings such as local variables, parameter names, and private members.

External links

• Reserved word
• Reserved Words for widely used languages