SGML entity

In the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), an entity is a primitive data type, which associates a string with either a unique alias (such as a user-specified name) or an SGML reserved word (such as #DEFAULT). Entities are foundational to the organizational structure and definition of SGML documents. The SGML specification defines numerous entity types, which are distinguished by keyword qualifiers and context. An entity string value may variously consist of plaintext, SGML tags, and/or references to previously-defined entities. Certain entity types may also invoke external documents. Entities are called by reference.

Types of entities

Entities are classified as general or parameter:

• A general entity can only be referenced within the document content.
• A parameter entity can only be referenced within the DTD.

Entities are also further classified as parsed or unparsed:

• A parsed entity contains text, which will be incorporated into the document and parsed if the entity is referenced. A parameter entity can only be a parsed entity.
• An unparsed entity contains any kind of data, and a reference to it will result in the application's merely being notified of the entity's presence; the content of the entity will not be parsed, even if it is text. An unparsed entity can only be external.

Internal and external entities

An internal entity has a value that is either a literal string, or a parsed string comprising markup and entities defined in the same document (such as a Document Type Declaration or subdocument). In contrast, an external entity has a declaration that invokes an external document, thereby necessitating the intervention of an entity manager to resolve the external document reference.

System entities

A system entity invokes the optional SYSTEM parameter, which instructs SGML parsers to process an entity's string referent as a resource identifier.

SGML document entity

When an external entity references a complete SGML document, it is known in the calling document as an SGML document entity. An SGML document is a text document with SGML markup defined in an SGML prolog (i.e., the DTD and subdocuments). A complete SGML document comprises not only the document instance itself, but also the prolog and, optionally, the SGML declaration (which defines the document's markup syntax and declares the character encoding).

Syntax

An entity is defined via an entity declaration in a document's DTD. For example:

<!ENTITY greeting1 "Hello world">
<!ENTITY greeting2 SYSTEM "file:///hello.txt">
<!ENTITY % greeting3 "¡Hola!">
<!ENTITY greeting4 "%greeting3; means Hello!">

This DTD markup declares the following:

• An internal general entity named "greeting1" exists and consists of the string "Hello world".
• An external general entity named "greeting2" exists and consists of the text found in the resource identified by the URI "file:///hello.txt".
• An internal parameter entity named "greeting3" exists and consists of the string "¡Hola!".
• An internal general entity named "greeting4" exists and consists of the string "¡Hola! means Hello!".

Names for entities must follow the rules for SGML names, and there are limitations on where entities can be referenced.

Parameter entities are referenced by placing the entity name between "%" and ";". Parsed general entities are referenced by placing the entity name between "&" and ";". Unparsed entities are referenced by placing the entity name in the value of an attribute declared as type ENTITY.

The general entities from the example above might be referenced in a document as follows:

<content>
  <info>'&greeting1;' is a common test string.</info>
  <info>The content of hello.txt is: &greeting2;</info>
  <info>In Spanish, &greeting4;</info>
</content>

When parsed, this document would be reported to the downstream application the same as if it has been written as follows, assuming the hello.txt file contains the text "Salutations":

<content>
  <info>'Hello world' is a common test string.</info>
  <info>The content of hello.txt is: Salutations</info>
  <info>In Spanish, ¡Hola! means Hello!</info>
</content>

A reference to an undeclared entity is an error unless a default entity has been defined. For example:

<!ENTITY DEFAULT "This entity is not defined">

Additional markup constructs and processor options may affect whether and how entities are processed. For example, a processor may optionally ignore external entities.

Character entities

Main article: Character entity reference

Standard entity sets for SGML and some of its derivatives have been developed as mnemonic devices, to ease document authoring when there is a need to use characters that are not easily typed or that are not widely supported by legacy character encodings. Each such entity consists of just one character from the Universal Character Set. Although any character can be referenced using a numeric character reference, a character entity reference allows characters to be referenced by name instead of code point.

HTML 4, for example, has 252 built-in character entities that don't have to be explicitly declared. XML has five. XHTML has the same five as XML, but if its DTDs are explicitly used, then it has 253 (' being the extra entity).

See also

• Declarative programming
• Object (computer science)
• List of XML and HTML character entity references

References

• Goldfarb, Charles F. (Ed.). ISO 8879 Review: WG8 N1855. WG8 and Liaisons, 1996.
• Goldfarb, Charles F., and Yuri Rubinsky (Ed.). The SGML Handbook. Oxford University Press, 1991.

External links

• Entity Management in SGML